BBN3402SATU2020:MINGGU 5 JADUAL CLEAN

 

 

Macro Structure Global meaning of a replaceable text from a text of the topic/theme

Superstructure A frame of a text such as the advance section, content, cover and conclusion

Micro Structure The meaning of the locality of a replaceable text From the choice of words, formats and styles worn by a text

 

Figure 1: The Theory of Analysis of Critical Discourse by vanDijk (1977)

 

 

 

 

 

Critical Discourse Analysis Theory (Fairclough, 1995)

 

Textual analysis   Grammar ·       Theme   Lexical ·       Metaphor   Cohesi ·       Repetition ·       Conjunation

Discourse Analysis   Intertektuality ·       Pre-assumptions ·       Metawacana ·       Disclaimer   Interdiscuse ·       Narrative ·       Debate ·       Expository ·       Expressive

Analysis of social practices   Economy Education Political

 

Figure 2:Critical Discourse Analytics Theory by Fairclough (1995)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Decency Strategy

Bald on-record                                                                  Positif Decision

Example:                                                      Example: You look sad. Can I

Ready!                                                                                       help?

Listen...                                                                 Can I borrow a hundred ringgit?

Give to me that big basket.                                                     I'll take you to the hospital, if you don't

The light is green.                                                                     mind.

Please come in.

Invite to eat.

Negative Decision   Maybe he took the box, Maybe! Please give me the white plate. If so, a little instruction is not needed? Throwing empty bottles everywhere is not allowed.

Off-record   Wow, it's getting cold in this room. The price of shoes here is really expensive. Your clothes are beautiful.

 

Figure 3: Politeness Strategy by Brown & Levinson (1987)

 

 

Discourse Analysis Approach (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018b)

PRE-CONCEPT            EMOTIONS                  VALUES AND CULTURE       LANGUAGE                     INFERENCE

1. Intuition 2. Context   ·       Acceptance / Disclaimer ·       Requirements ·       References ·       Anaphora ·       Repetition ·       Ambiguity ·       Emphasis

1. Emotions 2. Negative 3. Emotion     mixed ·       Behavior ·       Personality ·       Mood ·       Motivation

1.Self 2. Society 3. Custom   ·       Honest, sincere, kind hearted, love darling, crafts, gratitude, simplicity ·       Independent, be prudent high, courage, physical hygiene and mental, politeness ·       Respect respect, cooperation, enthusiasm socialize ·       Justice, freedom, rational

1. Language first / second / third 2. Formal / no formal 3. Language errors Linguistics

1. Formulation Overall 2. Formulation topic discussion Closing remarks

 

Figure 4: Discourse Analysis Approach Normaliza Abd Rahim (2018b)

 

Discourse Analysis Theory (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018d)

Content                                                    Context                                           Assumptions

1.Theme

1. Grammar 2. Background 3. Emotions

1. Opinion 2. Reference 3. Questions

                                                                                      

Figure 5: Theory of Discourse Analysis

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 2: Context in the Model of Storytelling Social Values Through Children's Stories

 

 

Title	Grammar	Background	Emotions
Family	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children	Mother and  father's house	Happy, missed
Self	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children	Indoors and outdoors, schools	Happy
I am Special	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children	Mother and  father's house
I know	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children	Indoors and outdoor	Sorrow, sad sympathy
I understand	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children	Home, school or At public places	Happy, Sympathy, care

 

 

 

 

 

Table 3: Content in Social Stories

Judul	Teks	Tema	Sampel/Bahan	Jenis
Title	Texts	Theme	Sample/Material	Type
Grandmother and grandfather	Short  story	Family	Grandmother, grandfather, mother, father Imran, Madinah, Aisyah, Alim	Storytelling
I am Special	Short  story	Family	Grandmother, grandfather, mother, father Imran, Madinah, Aisyah, Alim	Storytelling
Family	Short  story	Family	Mother, Father, Imran, Madinah,  Aisyah, Alim	Storytelling
Heart	Short  story	Community	Mother, Teacher, Alim, friends	Storytelling
Neighbors	Short  story	Neighborhood	Mother, Madinah, Imran, Aisyah, Sulaiman, Alim	Storytelling

 

 

 

Table 4: Context in Social Stories

 

Title	Grammar	Background	Emotions
Grandmother and grandfather	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children	Grandmother and grandfather village	Happy, missed, sad, mad, confuse,  satisfied
I am special	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children	Mother and father's house	Happy, satisfied, sad
Family	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children	Mother and father's house	Happy, restless
Heart	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children	School, home neighbors	Happy
Neighbors	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children	Home, father and Mother, neghbors	Happy, sympathy, care sad

 

 

 

Table 5: List of Social Values ​​in Social Stories

Title and Social Stories	Social Values
Grandmother and Grandfather	Love, caring, rational, responsible, sincere, honest, kind, family, patient
I am special	Kind, sincere, helpful, caring, responsible
My Family	Kind, patient, helping each other, sincere, caring, diligent, effort, responsibility, rational
Heart	Kind, loving, caring, sincere, honest, sharing, grateful, respectful, diligent
Neighbors	Kind, responsible, loving, rational, caring, sincere, honest, confident, neighborhood

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Taksonomi Strategi Komunikasi oleh Dornyei & Scott (1977)
Avoidance or reduction strategies
1. Neglect / messages omission  2. Avoidance of topics
Achiebement or Compensatory Strategies
3.Paraphrase (Circumlocution) 4. Approaches 5. Use of words for all purposes 6. Create new words (Word-coinage) 7. Restructuring / Use of non linguistic means 8. Literal translation 9. Internationalization 10. Code exchange 11. Ask for help, explanation, confirmation or guessing / Appeal for help stalling
Stalling or Time-gaining Strategies Penangguhan atau Strategi Tambahan Waktu
12. Use of words without /use of fillers/strategi penanda (hesitation devices)

 

Rajah 7: Taksonomi Strategi Komunikasi oleh Dornyei & Scott (1997)

 

 

 

 

Table 6: Communication Strategy

Communication Strategy	Frekuensi
1 Abbreviation	15
2 New words no meaning	4
3 Disclaimer/Contradiction	10
4 Questions	6
5 Repetition	8
6 Persuasion	13
7 Self-correction	5
8 Different topics/message ignorance	4
9 Interstate	8
10 Delays	6
11Literal translation	4
12 Language changes	4
13 Imagination	5
14 Decency	4
15 Paraphrasing	4
16 Ask for help	4

 

 

 

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